Notes on Russian A2/AD Capabilities in Syria

 “Russia Expands Fleet in Syria with Jets that Can Attack Targets on Ground”: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/world/middleeast/russia-deploys-ground-attack-aircraft-to-syrian-base.html

• Over the weekend proceeding September 21, Russia deployed over a dozen SU-24 Fencer and a dozen SU-25 Frogfoot ground attack planes to the Latakia airbase.
• This makes 28 planes in total, whereas previously the base only has 4 SU-30 Flanker fighter planes.
• The planes at the Latakia base are protected by two or three SA-22 SAM systems, and drones similar to design to Predators are performing recon nearby.
• In addition, a combined total of 15 Hip transport and Hind attack helicopters are now at the Latakia base, doubling the number of the previous week.
• The Latakia base is now also home to 9 T-90 tanks and 500 marines.
• The Russian Defense Minister and American Defense Secretary have been in contact for avoiding unintended confrontation, but so far no further steps have been taken.
• John Kirby, a State Department spokesperson, said that Russia will not be problem if they are combating ISIS, but that confrontation is natural if Russia does intend to support Assad’s regime.

“This is the Airpower Russia has in Syria”: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/09/21/these-are-the-28-jets-russia-now-has-in-syria/

• The 14 Hind and Hip helicopters are the Mi-17 Hind and the Mi-12 Hip respectively.
• SU-24 Fencers and SU-25 Frogfoots are ‘low and slow’ planes, which excel at close air support operations in low-threat environments.
• Some reports indicate that both ISIS and anti-regime groups in Syria are in possession of MANPADs which could pose threats to Russian aircraft.
• A pilot has said that the SU-30 Flankers are a much more diverse role than other aircraft. He added that: “If the Russians are going to support the war against [the Islamic State], it’s a great platform, and if they’re going to start trouble with [the United States] it’s a great platform for that, too”.

“U.S. Says Russia Deploys Heavy Artillery in Syrian Battles”: http://www.rferl.org/content/syria-russia-us-officials-heavy-artillery/27345610.html

• Top State Department officials claim that Russia has deployed heavy artillery near Homs and Hama.
• Victoria Nuland, assistant secretary of state for Europe and Eurasian affairs, has estimated that the mission in Syria is likely costing Russia between $2 million and $4 million a day.
• U.S. Security officials have estimated that Russia has approximately 4,000 troops currently deployed in Syria as of November 4^th. This is up from 2,000 troops on September 30^th, when Russia began its bombing campaign.
• The article heavily criticizes the Russian intervention in Syria as targeting ‘moderate’ rebel groups and killing civilians.
• Little Russia weaponry has been deployed on the front-lines, with most of it concentrated in the Latakia Airbase.

“Six Russia SU-34 Fullback Bomber Have Just Arrived in Syria, and this is the Route They Have Likely Flown to Get There”: http://theaviationist.com/2015/09/29/su-34-have-arrived-in-syria/

• As of September 29^th, Russia has landed an additional 6 SU-34 Fullbacks in its military base in Latakia, joining the 28 aircraft already there.
• A day earlier a Russian Tu-154 flew from Nalchik to the Latakia airbase, passing over the Caspian and then through Iranian and Iraqi airspace into Syria. The SU-34s likely followed the same route and may have traveled with this plane.

“Russian Soldiers Geolocated by Photos in Multiple Syria Locations, Bloggers Say”: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-idUSKCN0SX0H820151108

• Russian bloggers claim to have identified three current or former Russian servicemen in Homs, Hama, and Aleppo. If true, this would indicate a wider scale of involvement than previously acknowledged.
• The photos were taken from the Facebook accounts of Russian soldiers who identified recent photos of them next to military equipment as taking place in Homs, Hama, and Aleppo provinces.
• The photos have since been removed from the Facebook and Instagram accounts of the soldiers in question.

“Russia Pounds ISIS with Biggest Bomber Raid in Decades”: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/17/russia-pounds-isis-with-biggest-bomber-raid-in-decades.html

• On November 17^th, 2015 Russia sent no fewer than 25 TU-22M Backfire, TU-95 Bear, and TU-160 Blackjack bombers from Ossetia to bomb targets in Ar-Raqqa, Idlib, and Aleppo using 34 cruise-missile strikes.
• Russia sent 14 TU-22M Backfires, 6 TU-95 Bears, and 5 TU-160 Blackjacks to Syria
• Although Russia claims that these attacks are directed at ISIS targets, they are actually near areas controlled by US-back rebels.
• Russian officials notified the Pentagon of the strike, putting in place an October agreement to coordinate their operations in Syria.
• The attack was with impressive aircraft and in much larger numbers than is typical in bombing raids, meaning it was meant to impress the world.

“Russian Missile Cruiser Ordered to Work with French in Syria”: http://m.nydailynews.com/news/world/russian-missile-cruiser-ordered-work-french-syria-article-1.2437679

• Vladimir Putin ordered the guided-missile cruiser Moskva to cooperate with the French aircraft carrier group near Syria.
• On the 17^th of November those near long-range bombers also attacked positions in Ar-Raqqa and Deiz-e-Zor

“Rosyjskie rakiety manewrujące uderzyły w IS. Wystrzelone z okrętu podwodnego [Russian cruise missiles strike IS. There were fired from submarine]”: http://www.defence24.pl/273075,rosyjskie-rakiety-manewrujace-uderzyly-w-is-wystrzelone-z-okretu-podwodnego

• The Russian submarine, ‘Rostov-na-Donu’, Kilo-class submarine, launched cruise missiles striking ISIS positions in Ar-Raqqa.
• It is not permanently stationed in Syria, but was on its way to a permanent base in Novorossiysk.
• The missile used were most likely the 3M14 ‘Alignment’ missile system.
• Russia is set to deploy six such kilo-class submarines to its Black Sea Fleet, where they could deployed in the area around Syria. They have a calculated autonomy of 45 days, meaning they can be in the area for long periods of time.

“Calculating the Costs of Russia’s War in Syria”: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/540015.html

• The Moscow Times has been told by several defense think tanks that the war is likely costing Russia up to $4 million a day.
• IHS Jane’s says that since the beginning of combat operations on September 30^th Russia has spent $80 million to $115 million in Syria.
• By October 20^th, around 36 warplanes and 20 helicopters have been stationed in Syria.
• Each airplane costs $12,000 per hour, while the helicopters cost $3,000 per hour.
• The operations likely cost $2.4 million per day, although some analyses at IHS Janes say that the cost could be twice as much.
• Russia fired Kaliber missiles from its fleet in the Caspian Sea.
• Some analyses say Russia is willing to spend large sums of money to show itself as a great power, meaning that cost is not an issue.

“4 Russian Warships Launch 26 Missiles Against ISIS from Caspian Sea”: https://www.rt.com/news/317864-russian-warships-missiles-launch/

• Russian ships in the Caspian Sea fired a total of 26 missiles at ISIS targets in Syria, at a range of nearly 1,500 km, testing the limits of their efficiency.
• The missiles hit their attended targets, requiring Iranian and Iraqi cooperation to pass through those nation’s airspace.
• The four warship involved where the Gepard-class frigate Dagestan and the three Buyan-M-class corvettes Grad Sviyaxsk, Uglich, and Veliky Ustyug.
• They fired cruise missiles from the Kalibr NK (Klub) VLS launchers. The missiles used are capable of hitting a target within 3 meters at a range of up to 2,500 km.

“Russian Troops Fire Artillery and Rockets in Syria”: http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/russian-troops-fire-artillery-rockets-syria/story?id=34322668

• According to US officials, Russian ground troops used howitzers and BM-30 Smerchs to fire on rebel positions outside of Hama, around 65 miles from the Latakia airbase.
• The officials have stated that Russian troops are assisting in regime operations in the Al-Ghab Valley.
• The artillery was moved to outside Hama on October 4^th along with three Mi-24 Hind helicopters used to ferry the personnel and equipment.
• The US has questioned the veracity of Russian statements about missile strikes from the Caspian Sea, meaning that Russian missiles may not be remotely as accurate as Russian claims.
• As of early October, Russia has not informed Pentagon officials of airstrikes or naval strikes. Instead, America has had to adopt new protocols to make sure US planes do not stray within 20 miles of Russian aircraft.
• So far, only a single US aircraft has needed to change its flight plan due to Russian proximity. Russian aircraft have, however, buzzed drones in the area.

“Army Map Suggests Presence of Russian Artillery Unit in Central Syria”: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-military-idUSKCN0T72VW20151118#R46iySKUW3eoX0TU.97

• A Russian military analysis has spotted a designation on a background map that may indicate that a Russian howitzer battalion using 2A55-Msta-B guns is located in Sadad between Homs and Damascus.
• The Russian Defense Ministry has said that the division is a technical battalion helping with air force operations in Syria.
• Russian artillery may be helping with the regime’s attack on militants in Mheen, where they are entrenched but surrounded.
• Russia has admitted to having forces in Taurus and Latakia bases, although it also has trainers and advisors throughout the country.

“Russia’s Half-Baked Air War in Syria”: http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-half-baked-air-war-syria-14022

• Russia has a very limited stock of ‘smart missiles’ with advanced targeting systems, and is likely choosing targets specifically due to fears of shortages.
• Russia has equipped the ‘smart’ KAB-250 and KAB-500 on Su-34 Fullbacks, and the Kh-29 and Kh-25 on the Su-24 Fencers and Su-25 Frogfoots, but its air-superiority oriented    Su-30SM Flankers are equipped with R-27 missile rather than the more capable and advanced R-77 AAMs.
• The ‘dumb’ bombs used by Russian forces suffer a major loss in accuracy above 10,000ft, meaning that they are exposed to small arms and MANPADs when attacking.
• Russia will likely ignore issues of accuracy in favour of protecting its aircraft, as it has shown little care for collateral damage in the past, even in Chechnya.

“Russia Brings its Big Guns to Syria”: http://warisboring.com/articles/russia-brings-its-big-guns-to-syria/

• Since at least late October heavy artillery has been deployed near Homs and Hama, however they may have other artillery stored in the Latakia Airbase.
• Russia has given the Syrian Army a number of advanced 152mm MTSA-B guns, and BM-27 Uragan and BM-30 Smerch rocket launchers for use in Soviet-style bombardments.
• Syrian forces in Latakia have also used Russian-made TOS-1A Solnitsa rocket launchers attached to T-72 tanks, almost certainly gifts from Russia.

“Russian Air-Defense Targeting US Jets over Syria, Grounding Them”: http://www.smh.com.au/world/russia-airdefence-targeting-us-planes-over-syria-grounding-planes-20151217-glqg62.html

• By December 18^th, US forces stopped flying missions in northern Syria over Idlib due to concerns over the expansion of Russian air defense forces there.
• Russia deployed a SA-17 air defense system in December, which apparently ‘targeted’ US planes, painting them with RADAR in a threatening move.
• The US has ended manned flights in the area, although it says that this will not affect operations against ISIS elsewhere in the country.
• This will impair US, and Turkish, efforts to aid allied rebel groups in that quadrant of the nation.

“Sneak Peak: A Look at Russian Air Shield in Syria, Including Guided S-300 Missile Cruisers and  S-400”: https://www.rt.com/news/326381-cruiser-moskva-s400-syria/

• The Russian Defense Ministry invited journalists from RT to explore the missile cruiser Moskva docked in Latakia and the S-400 SAM missile system deployed at the Khmeimim Airbase near the city.
• The S-400 has a range of around 400km and can lock onto targets going at up to 17,000kph, including all ranges of current aircraft and possible some missiles.
• The Moskva is equipped with the S-300F, with a range of 75km to 150km, depending on the missiles used. The cruiser also has short-range SAM missiles, cannons, torpedoes, depth charges, and the P-1000 Vulcan anti-ship missiles.  

“Russia to Move S-300 Missile Systems to Syria Base”: http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/11/25/Russia-to-move-S-300-missile-systems-to-Syria-base/2771448457243/

• In late November Russia moves S-300 missile systems to Syria, to protect regime airspace after a Russia fighter was shot down on the Turkish border. The system was moved to the Russian airbase in the country.

“Russia Shows Early Success, New Capabilities in Syria”: http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/warfare/2015/10/18/russia-shows-early-success-new-capabilities-syria/74041722/

• The Russian air force, by mid December, had started incorporated precision-bombing techniques from Western air forces in its bombing campaigns for specific targets, but the majority of strikes depend on Soviet-era technology and tactics. These planes used the Kalibr cruise missile.
• This analyst believes that the decline in air strikes during this period signals a change in the style of warfare being conducted, towards new tactics requiring new air strike capabilities and patterns.
• Although the majority of strikes are likely carried out using anti-personnel fragmentation bombs, the Russians have demonstrated capacity to successfully use the new Kh-25 laser-guided missile and KAB-500S Glonass guided bomb. 
• The Su-25 Granch fighters are only using unguided munitions, but the other parts of the air force are much more diversified.

“America’s Worst Nightmare in Syria: Has Russia Deployed the Lethal S-300?”: http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/americas-worst-nightmare-syria-has-russia-deployed-the-14264

• Already in early November there were rumours about the deployment of these systems in Syria, augmenting the Pantsir S-1 missile defense systems already deployed.
• The S-300 air defense system family can target 6 or more aircraft simultaneous and has a range exceeding 120 miles and an upper limit of over 100,000ft.
• A senior aviator said that all but the most advanced stealth bombers could be targeted and that it utterly compromises the ability to use any fourth-gen aircraft in the range of the system.
• The only planes that could operate in those areas, where no-zones to be enforced, would be the F-22 Raptor or the B-2 Spirit, or potentially the  F-35B Joint Strike.
• The S-300 and S-400 systems are also highly mobile, meaning that even with smaller numbers they could create an effective air defense to any NATO efforts in the country.

“Главком ВКС РФ признал: в Сирию были переброшены зенитные ракетные системы [Commander of the Russian Federation videoconferencing admitted that anti-aircraft missile systems were deployed in Syria]”: http://newsru.com/russia/05nov2015/zrk.html

• On November 5^th, the Commander of the Russian Armed Forces admitted that air defense systems had been deployed in the country, although he did not specify locations or specific varieties of system.
• The Russian military is still becoming acclimated the managing of support for paramilitary groups, which it does not have experience with.
• The Russian airbase in Latakia is guarded by Pantsir’ and Buk air defense systems.
• In addition, Russia has given the Syrian Army the Pantsir’-S1, the Buk-M2E, the Osa S-125, the Pechora 2-M, S-200 and other systems.
• The Pantsir’-S1 system is highly mobile, has a short deployment time, has a 20km range, a 15km celling, and can locate four targets simultaneously.

“American F-22s and B-2 Bombers vs. Russia’s S-300 in Syria: Who Wins?”: http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/american-f-22s-b-2-bombers-vs-russias-s-300-syria-who-wins-13905

• Russia has deployed two or three SA-22 Greyhound – otherwise know as Pantsir-S1 – at its airbase in Latakia.
• The SA-22 Greyhound is highly mobile and designed to protect a small area with 30mm cannons and 57E6 SAMs. It has a range of 12 miles and a celling of 60,000ft.
• The S-300 and S-400 systems are incorporated into the Russian air force, and are highly mobile systems able to track 6 targets simultaneously with a range in excess of 120 miles and a celling of 100,000ft.
• The US has developed some capability to combat these systems using F-22 Raptors and B-2 Spirits. These planes could avoid the system, and have trained on simulations of destroying air defense targets to allow other air craft to be deployed.
• The US has also considered using JASSM and JASSM-ER cruise missile strikes in conjunction with electronic attacks on RADAR equipment from platforms like the EA-18G Growler.

“Russia S-400 in Syria: What Does it Mean for US Air Assets?”: https://medium.com/@GetterWetzel/russian-s-400-in-syria-what-does-it-mean-for-us-air-assets-6bd31605cedd#.n8nzvvqwd

• Russia has demonstrated an impressive capacity to deploy air defense equipment and systems quickly. Since a Russian fighter was shot down by Turkey on November 24^th, Russia has able to deploy the S-400 system in response on November 26^th only two days after the incident.
• The SA-21/ S-400 missile system is the most dangerous and capable air defense system in the world, and its range in current deployed covers all of Syria excepting eastern Rojava and the river South of Deiz-e-Zor. It would cover both the British base on Cyrprus and the NATO Incirlik Base in Turkey.
• Several senior airmen and intelligence officers stress that countering or destroying air defense equipment this advanced is one of the greatest military challenges the US could face and is extremely difficult even with 5^th-gen aircraft.
• The deployment of the system is clearly designed to intimidate Turkey, as that country stopped missions in Syrian airspace after SA-21 deployment was announced.
• US missions have also adopted more restrictive and cautious rule of conduct in Syrian airspace and with Russian aircraft, due to the threat posed by the system.

“Open Source Evidence on Russian Strikes in Syria”: http://russia-strikes-syria.silk.co/

• Most strikes have actually been focused on non-ISIS rebel groups, often in areas of the country where ISIS is not currently operating. Some strikes on ISIS have, however, been verified.

“Comprehensive Infographic about the Russian Intervention in Syria – December 2015 Update”: http://www.offiziere.ch/?p=24993

• Following the downing of Russian fighter by Turkey, Russia has deployed the frigate Moskva armed with a S-300F missile system and the SA-21 Growler missile system to the Khmeimim airbase.
• The Khmeimim airbase in Latakia is home to 8 Su-24M and 4 Su-24M2 Fencers, 10       Su-25SM and 2 Su25UM Frogfoots, 4 Su-30SM Flanker-Cs, 8 Su-34 Fullbacks, 4 or perhaps 5 Mi-8AMTsh Hips, and 12 Mi-24P Hinds.
• Russia also has the following ground assets in the country, although they are likely concentrated in Latakia province: Six or more T-90 tanks, 26 BTR-82A personnel carriers, one or more BREM-K armoured repair vehicle, six total heavy trucks of the KaMaz 6350 or 2A65 Msta-B make, at least 10 KaMaz 4350, at least 10 Gaz 66 military trucks, two KraZ-258 TZ-22 heavy trucks, one 1RL257 Krasukha S4 electronic warfare system, 1 Kasta 2E1 ‘Flatface’ radar system, at least one R-166-0.5 advanced communications vehicle, at least two Gaz-2975 Tigr infantry vehicles, at least two M65 Lynx vehicles, at least one KazMaz 6350 heavy truck, at least two UAZ-469 utility vehicles, some number of Ural 4320 trucks, at least one MAZ-5334 transport truck, two or more Pantsir-S1 ‘Greyhound’ point air defense systems, one 1RL131 ‘Spoon Rest’ radar system, one 1RL22 ‘Parol’ radar system, and one 1RL132 ‘Thin Skin’ radar system.
• Many of the radar systems and logistics pieces used are associated with aircraft and the maintenance of a functioning airbase.
• Russia has deployed four S-400 ‘Growler’ air defense missile systems, along with single associated 92N6E ‘Gravestone’ and 96L6E ‘Cheeseboard’ radar systems. Other logistics systems may also accompany the systems.
• Since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Russia has delivered an unspecified number of BM-30 ‘Smerch’ mobile rocket launchers, TOS-1 ‘Buratino’3 rocket launchers, UR-77 ‘Meteroit’ mine clearing systems, and BJ2022 utility vehicles. Syria have also acquired 36 Pantsir-S1 Greyhound for its own uses.
• Russia has flown bombing missions on ISIS from airbases in Nalchik, Olenya, Engels, and Mozdok using at least 12 Tu-22M3 Backfire, 3 Tu-95MS Bear, 2 Tu-160 Blackjack, 2 IL-78M Midas, and 8 Su-34 Fullback.
• They were accompanied on these mission by a total of 4 Su-27SM3 Flanker, four Su-30SM Flanker-D, four F-14A Tomcat, four F-4D/E Phantom II, and two             MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum from the Russian or Iranian airforce.
• Russia has stationed the guided Slava-class cruiser Moskva, the Kashin-class destroyer Smetlivy, the Krivak-class frigates Pytlivy and Ladny, and the Kilo-class submarine Rostov-na-Donu in the Mediterranean. They also have Buyan-M class corvettes Grad Sviyazhsk, Uglich, and Veliki Ustyug, and the Gepard-class frigate Dagestan in the Caspian Sea.
• These ships are supported logistically by six Ropucha-class landing craft (Aleksandr Otrakovskiy, Korolev, Novocherkassk, Azov, Caesar Kunikov, Minsk), two Aligator-class transport craft (Saratov, Nikolay Filchenkov), a Kashtan-class rescue ship, two Amur-class repair ship, and several rented cargo ships.
• Russia will likely expand its air presence to develop the Shayrat airbase near Homs, giving them a much stronger and more diverse air capacity in the Syria.
• Orlan-10, Yakovlev Pchla-1T, and Granat-3 UAVs where also used by Russian forces in Syria, likely since before 2015.

“Sighting of R-166-0.5 Signals Vehicle Affirms Inflow of Russian Military into Syria”: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2015/09/16/sighting-of-r-166-0-5-signals-vehicle-affirms-inflow-of-russian-military-into-syria/

• Frequent missions have been run on sea and air to transport additional equipment and personnel to Syria, signalling an increase in the Russian presence there. For this purpose the Hameimim airbase is now officially run by Russia.
• The presence of a Russian R-166-O.5 signals vehicle, which provides secure and unjammable communication with the base in Latakia is definitely operated by Russian soldiers for support roles in regime operations inland.

“Начальник ГОУ ГШ ВС РФ Сергей Рудской подвел итоги действий рос.авиагруппы в Сирии в 2015 году [Head of the General Staff, Sergei Rudskoy, summarizes the actions of Russian air groups in Syria in 2015 ]”:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzYHp2KiD6c&feature=youtu.be

• The video demonstrates that Russia has advanced reconnaissance capabilities in Syria.
• Russia has said that it is willing to share coordinates of specific targets related to terrorist financing, and has asked for mutual cooperation in the intelligence field on such issues. 

“Beyond the Airstrikes: Russia’s Activities on the Ground in Syria”: https://citeam.org/russia-s-activities-on-the-ground-in-syria/

• Russian troops are definitely moving around Syria, although they may be involved in logistic, maintenance, and transport of equipment for the regime rather than direct combat operations.
• Russia has given the regime large amounts of equipment, including T-72B tanks, the OTR-21 Tochka ballistic missile system, and the BM-30 Smerch. These systems have all been used against rebels in Latakia.
• Russian servicemen are likely engaged in advisory and support capabilities in the Syrian conflict, although ‘volunteers’ fighting directly cannot be ruled out.

“First Evidence of New Weapons Being Used in Syria”: https://citeam.org/new-weapons-in-syria/

• Russian troops are involved in the operation of support and artillery, in particular the new 152mm ‘Msta-B’ howitzers. Russia has also been stockpiling advanced equipment at its Latakia base, including T-90 tanks.

Additional Work:

• Transit time from Latakia airbase in easternmost point of Aleppo is approximately 6 hours, although the Russians might be unwilling to take equipment so close to the front lines with ISIS through 370 km.
• Transit time from Latakia airbase to easternmost point of regime control near Palmyra is approximately 4 hours through 340 km.
• Transit time from Latakia airbase to Damascus is around 4 hours through 310 km.
• The KzAR-260V chassis that propels the S-400 missile system has a top speed of 75km/h and could certainly make the distances mentioned.
• The Krasukha-S4 electronic warfare system is highly mobile and capable of jamming RADAR and other guidance systems on aircraft and ballistics. These combined qualities mean that it could defend other air defense systems from attack.
• The sources indicate that only a single system is currently deployed in Syria, meaning that not all the S-400 air defense systems can be protected, limiting the ‘safe zone’ of their deployment.

“Sukhoi Su-30”: http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su30mk/arms/

“Sukhoi Su-32”: http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su32/arms/

• Armed with R-27R1(ER1) R-27T1(ET1) R-27P(EP) R-73E RVV-Aye

“AA-11 Archer R-73”: http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/aa-11.htm

• Range is anywhere from 20 to 40km depending on model of missile, meaning the aircraft would still have to be relatively close to US aircraft in ways that current US protocol would likely not allow to occur.

“The Russian Philosophy of Beyond Visual Range Air Combat”: http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-BVR-AAM.html#mozTocId611424

• The R-27 missile (AA-10 Alamo) has a range of between 80km and 130km. This gives the Russian fighter aircraft immense strike capabilities running across entire provinces. Within a buffer zone, there is a chance of endangering US air assets.

https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/61.htm

http://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-125.htm

• The Kashin-class ship carries a single anti-aircraft array. The S-125 SA-Goa missile system, which has a range of ~25km and 25,000m.

http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/1135.htm

http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-8.htm

• The Krivak-class frigates carry a Osa-MA missile system to be used against aircraft. It has a range of 15km and a celling of 12,000m.

https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/1166_1.htm

• The Gepard-class corvettes carry a Osa-MA missile system with anti-aircraft capabilities. It has a range of 15km and a celling of 12,000m

http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/877.htm

http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-14.htm

http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-16.htm

• Kilo-class submarines are equipped with SA-14 Gremlin and SA-16 Gimlet anti-aircraft missiles, with ranges and cellings of 6km by 6,000m and 5km by 3,500m respectively.