Krasner, S.D. (1995/6) ‘Compromising Westphalia’, International Security Vol. 20(3), 115.

Krasner, S.D. (1995/6) ‘Compromising Westphalia’, International Security Vol. 20(3), 115.

• The Westphalian model has never been fully implemented b/c at no point have rulers been entirely autonomous. There have always been factors pressuring them to adopt different policies and threatening them if they did not.
• The Westphalian model has only ever been a reference point for theorists and beliefs, never a rigid categorization.
• Autonomy is most obviously compromised when a non-state actor alters conceptions of what constitutes legitimate action and legitimate use of force within a state.
• Examples include:
• The influence of the Catholic Church on attitudes about the legitimacy of birth control and abortion.
• Bondholders' committees that regulated financial activities in some Balkan states and elsewhere in the nineteenth century.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality accepted by some developing countries since the 1960s.
• Protectorates in which major powers control foreign but not domestic policy.
• Provisions for the treatment of minorities imposed on central and eastern European states after the first Balkan Wars and World War I.
• The constitutional structure of regimes in Soviet satellites during the Cold War.
• The Westphalian system is not rigid b/c in politics nothing is ever off the table entirely. In essence there is no reason why a domestic power cannot violate the sovereignty of others and allow his own sovereignty to be violated.
• A great deal of what goes on internationally is in line with the Westphalian model, but only b/c scholars and leaders find it so useful. It is more of reference point and framework than anything else.
• Territoriality and autonomy are compromised in one of four ways:
• Conventions; state voluntarily enter into normative obligations which open them to international scrutiny w/o being binding.
• Contracts; state voluntarily enters into a legally binding agreement w/ another state or international financial institution, believing such an agreement to been in its own self-interest. Often in terms of debt repayment.
• Coercion; a state is forced to decide between compromising domestic autonomy or facing negative consequences from a foreign power. In this situation, the state can resist but at a cost. 
• Imposition; a foreign power forces its will on a state by demanding the implementation of certain policies, with the only alternative being military action from which the state is defenseless. 
• The Westphalian model has been 'both enduring and flimsy', as it has lasted an extremely long time as an ideal, but has never since its inception actually been enforced consistently as a norm of international relations.
• States were never truly autonomous, as: "Weaker states have frequently been subject to coercion and imposition and been unable to defend their autonomy Stronger ones have entered into conventions and contracts that violate their autonomy and even territoriality" (pg. 150).
• This means that many problems of globalization are old, rather than new.