Berdikulov, Sirojjon. "Formation of Multiparty System in Uzbekistan, 1985-2014". Himalayan and Central Asian Studies, Vol.19, No.3-4. (2015): 150-157.

Berdikulov, Sirojjon. "Formation of Multiparty System in Uzbekistan, 1985-2014". Himalayan and Central Asian Studies, Vol.19, No.3-4. (2015): 150-157.

• The first political movements founded in Uzbekistan were Birlik and Erk, in May 1989 and April 1990 respectively. Both parties failed to create constructive platforms for national transition, and frequently worked outside of the legal system to their organizational detriment (150-151).
• An Uzbek public intellectual of that time, M. Kyrghyzbaev, sharply criticizes the activities of Birlik as contrary and non-constructive. He notes that the aims of movement were narrow and did not reflect the needs of the population, to the degree that the organization would criticize any government policy -- even those towards Birlik 'aims' (150). Kyrghyzbaev also criticizes Erk, saying that its radical policies did not reflect the concerns of the populace (151).
• Following the declaration of independence, the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR was disbanded, with the moderates within the party organizing the Xalq Demokratik Partiyasi [People's Democratic Party] on 1st November. The new party kept many Communist policies, but abandoned the idea of class struggle, disentangled itself from the state, and adopted more conservative and traditionalist social policies (151).
• XDP won 28 seats in parliament following the 2004 elections and 32 seats following the 2009 elections (152).
• XDP has a membership of around 392,000 persons as of 2014. It maintains a periodicals expressing its views in both Uzbek and Russian: O'zbekiston Ovozi and Голос Узбекистана, respectively (152).
• The next established political party was 'Adolat' Sotsial-Demokratik Partiya ['Justice' Social-democratic Party], founded in February 1995. It is based on classical ideas of social-democracy, and boasts a membership of around 102,000 persons as of 2014. They received 10 seats in the 2005 election, which they increased to 19 seats in 2009 (152).
• Adolat SDP maintains newspaper of social and political commentary called Adolat (152).
• Contemporary conservative forces in the politics of Uzbekistan are represented by the 'Milliy Tiklanish' Demokratik Partiya ['National Revival' Democratic Party], founded in June 1995. The party stands for the principles of tradition, family values, and Uzbek culture, and actively foments nationalism (153-154).
• As of 2014, Milliy Tiklanish DP had a member of around 185,000 persons. The party maintains a newspaper called Milliy Tiklanish to express their news (154).
• Milliy Tiklanish DP won 29 seats in the 2004 parliamentary elections, and 31 in the 2009 elections (154).
• Previously there had been a liberal nationalist party called Fidokorlar [Self-sacrificers], but it had failed to succeed electorally. It first joined with Vatan Taraqqiyoti [Development of the Motherland], another weak nationalist party, but was forced to merge with Milliy Tiklanish DP in June 2008 in expectation of poor performance in upcoming elections. It since adopted the former party's more conservative ideology (154).
• Fidokor had won only 18 seats in the parliament in the 2004 elections (154).
• In December 2003, a new party represented liberal and middle-class interests was created, the O'zbekiston Liberal Demokratik Partiyasi [Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan]. As of 2014, the party had a membership of around 243,000 persons. It also maintained a newspaper called Asr XXI [21st Century] (155).
• O'zLibDem won 41 seats in parliament in the 2004 elections and 53 seats in the 2009 election (155).
• The parliaments established between 2005-2009 and 2010-2014 both featured coalition governments of O'zLibDem, Adolat, and Milliy Tiklanish, with O'zLibDem playing the leading role in government (155).
• President Karimov has asserted that effective opposition, with a constructive context, is important to the development of democracy. Currently this role is played by XDP, which has formed the opposition in the previous two parliaments (156).
• The author claims that the parties within government are also opposed to each other and engage in constructive opposition, as they all hold different ideological views: Adolat being social-democratic, Milliy Tiklanish being conservative, and O'zLibDem being liberal-democratic (157).